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Sphene, also known as titanite, is a calcium titanium silicate mineral prized for its high brilliance and fire. It's known for its distinct wedge-shaped crystals and a wide range of colors, including green, yellow, brown, and even red and orange. Sphene is notable for having more "fire" than diamonds and a high dispersion, meaning it splits white light into a vivid spectrum of colors.

Here's a more detailed description:

Key Features:

• Chemical Composition: CaTiSiO5 (calcium titanium nesosilicate).

• Crystal Shape: Characterized by flattened, wedge-shaped crystals.

• Color: Displays a wide range of colors, most commonly green, yellow, brown, but also orange, red, and even pink or black.

• Brilliance and Fire: Known for exceptional brilliance and fire, with a higher dispersion of light than diamonds.

• Hardness: Relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 5.5 on the Mohs scale.

• Cleavage: Possesses distinct cleavage in one direction.

• Occurrence: Found in various types of rocks, including igneous, metamorphic, and some metamorphosed limestones.

• Metaphysical Properties: Some believe it aids in processing information, improves mental clarity, and promotes spiritual enlightenment.

Color Variations and Causes:

• Yellow and Green: Typically found in low iron content.

• Brown and Black: Often results from higher iron content.

• Green (Chrome Sphene): Color comes from chromium.

• Other Colors: Can be affected by other elements, including manganese, sodium, and cerium.

Usage:

• Gemstone: Faceted for use in jewelry, though its softness makes it less ideal for rings.

• Mineral Specimen: Collected for their beauty and unique properties.

Location of Deposits:

• Russia (Kola Peninsula): A significant source for titanium mining.

• Other locations: Found in various countries, including Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Sweden, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Madagascar.