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Ruby is a red variety of the mineral corundum, a type of aluminum oxide. It's known for its vibrant red color, which is caused by trace amounts of chromium. Rubies are highly prized for their hardness, durability, and rarity. They have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making them one of the hardest natural gemstones.

Here's a more detailed look at ruby:

Key Characteristics:

• Color: Rubies are typically red, with shades ranging from pinkish-red to blood-red. They can also have orange, purple, or even brownish-red undertones.

• Mineral Composition: Ruby is a variety of corundum, a mineral form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).

• Hardness: Rubies are extremely hard, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale. Only diamonds are harder naturally.

• Durability: Due to their hardness, rubies are very durable and resistant to scratches and scuffs.

• Transparency: Rubies can be transparent or translucent, depending on the crystal structure and the presence of inclusions.

• Luster: Rubies have a vitreous (glassy) luster.

• Rarity: Large, transparent rubies are quite rare, making them highly valuable.

• Applications: Rubies are used in jewelry, watchmaking, medical instruments, and lasers.