The human spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure that provides support, flexibility, and protection for the spinal cord. It consists of 33 vertebrae in total, divided into five regions:

1. Cervical Spine (Neck Region)

• Number of Vertebrae: 7 (C1 to C7)

• Function: Supports the head, allows neck movement, and protects the spinal cord in the upper region.

• Key Features:

• C1 (Atlas): Holds up the skull and allows nodding motion.

• C2 (Axis): Facilitates rotational movement of the head.

2. Thoracic Spine (Upper and Mid-Back)

• Number of Vertebrae: 12 (T1 to T12)

• Function: Supports the rib cage and protects vital organs like the heart and lungs.

• Key Features: Less mobile due to attachment to ribs, providing stability.

3. Lumbar Spine (Lower Back)

• Number of Vertebrae: 5 (L1 to L5)

• Function: Bears the weight of the body and allows flexibility in the lower back.

• Key Features: Larger and thicker vertebrae to handle greater loads.

4. Sacrum (Pelvic Region)

• Number of Vertebrae: 5 (S1 to S5) – Fused into one bone in adults.

• Function: Connects the spine to the pelvis, forming the back of the pelvic girdle.

5. Coccyx (Tailbone)

• Number of Vertebrae: 4 (Co1 to Co4) – Fused into one bone in adults.

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