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Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (\(Al_{2}O_{3}\)), known for its exceptional hardness (9 on the Mohs scale) and durability. While it is most famous for its vibrant blue color, caused by traces of iron and titanium, it occurs in almost every other color except red (which is classified as a ruby). These other colors are known as "fancy sapphires" and include yellow, pink, green, and purple. Key characteristics Composition: A crystalline variety of aluminum oxide (corundum).Hardness: Ranks 9 out of 10 on the Mohs scale, making it the second-hardest natural gemstone and resistant to scratches.Color: Most commonly blue, but is also found in a wide array of "fancy" colors like yellow, pink, purple, green, and orange. Sapphires that are red are called rubies.Toughness: Has moderate toughness, meaning it is durable but can be damaged by strong impacts, especially if it has internal fractures.Crystal System: Trigonal.Luster: Vitreous (glassy). How it gets its color Blue: Caused by trace amounts of iron and titanium.Yellow: Caused by trace amounts of iron.Green: Caused by trace amounts of iron.Pink: Caused by trace amounts of chromium.Purple: Caused by trace amounts of chromium or vanadium.Yellowish-orange: Caused by a combination of iron and other trace elements. Other Uses: Widely used in jewelry due to its beauty and durability. It also has non-ornamental uses in industry, such as in watch faces and precision instruments.Origin: Found naturally in metamorphic and igneous rocks around the world, with significant deposits in places like Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, and Australia. Lab-created versions are also available.