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Sapphires are a type of corundum, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide, and are known for their durability and variety of colors. While blue sapphires are the most famous, they can also be found in shades of yellow, purple, green, orange, and pink, among others. Red corundum stones are classified as rubies, not sapphires.

Here's a more detailed look:

Key Characteristics:

Composition:

Sapphire is a corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) mineral.

Color:

While typically blue, sapphires come in a wide range of colors, excluding red (which is a ruby).

Hardness:

Sapphires are very hard, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale, making them durable for jewelry.

Toughness:

They have excellent toughness and no cleavage, meaning they are less likely to break when struck.

Trace Elements:

The colors of sapphires are influenced by trace elements like iron, titanium, cobalt, and chromium.

Treatments:

Sapphires are often treated to improve color or clarity, with heat treatment being common.

Historical Significance and Symbolism:

Ancient Beliefs:

In ancient times, blue sapphires were believed to protect against harm and symbolize wisdom, royalty, and divine favor.

Modern Use:

Sapphires are prized for their beauty and durability, making them popular for jewelry, especially rings.

Color and Grading:

Fancy Sapphires:

Sapphires that are not blue are referred to as "fancy sapphires" and can be found in various colors.

Grading:

The quality of sapphires is assessed based on factors like color, clarity, and cut.

In summary, sapphires are a valuable and versatile gemstone known for their hardness, durability, and wide range of colors, with blue being the most iconic