Sapphire is a precious gemstone best known for its rich blue color, though it actually occurs in many colors except red (which is classified as ruby). It belongs to the mineral corundum, one of the hardest natural substances.

Appearance

While deep blue is the most famous variety, sapphires can also be found in pink, yellow, green, purple, and even colorless forms (often called “fancy sapphires”). The blue color typically comes from trace elements like iron and titanium.

Physical Properties

• Hardness: 9 on the Mohs hardness scale (second only to diamond)

• Luster: Vitreous (glass-like)

• Transparency: Transparent to opaque

• Crystal system: Trigonal

Sources

Sapphires are mined in several regions around the world, including:

• Sri Lanka (famous for high-quality stones)

• Myanmar

• Madagascar

• Australia

• Pakistan (notably Kashmir region historically)

Uses & Symbolism

Sapphire is widely used in fine jewelry such as rings, pendants, and crowns. It has long symbolized wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. Historically, it was favored by royalty—one famous example is the engagement ring of Princess Diana.